financial governance

Sanctions and Secondary Risks: lessons from Russia, Iran and China

Originally aimed at punishing specific nations, sanctions have evolved into a tool for influencing global behaviour, particularly in high-stakes countries like Russia, China and Iran. With the increasing complications of international trade and finance, sanctions have, for some time, not been limited to direct penalties on the targeted countries; they now extend to businesses, their [...]

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Dark Banking: the global impact of illicit underground banking systems

Global underground banking networks like China’s Fei Ch’ien, and the Middle East and Africa’s Hawala, form an extensive and intricate network of financial channels that trade outside the recognised global banking system. They facilitate the movements of billions of dollars’ worth of transfers each year across borders, to serve both legitimate and illicit requirements. In

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